Logging companies own significant amounts of land in the coastal ranges of California and typically hold onto their land for many decades. Their most important harvest is the redwood tree, which thrives, in moist, cool environments. The many small creeks that run through the coastal ranges support aquatic organisms including algae, fish, and invertebrates such as insect larvae and crustaceans. Because logging disturbs the soil, causing sediment to erode into the creeks, environmentalists have pushed for regulations preventing logging within a specified number of feet from all creeks. However, if the logging companies were given a choice, they would prefer to log the trees very close to the creeks. 1Using the concepts of limiting factors and primary productivity, explain why the logging companies would like to be able to log next to the creeks.

2Consider the effect that logging next to the creeks could have on the primary productivity within the creek. Explain two abiotic factors that could be changed by the logging and whether each of these changes would be expected to increase or decrease the primary productivity of the creek ecosystem. Suppose a new aquatic invertebrate is introduced into the creek. This invader species is extremely good at eating algae, and is able to eat most of the algae before the native invertebrates.

3Explain two consequences of this change on the creek food web. Choose two of the following three nutrients: sulfur, phosphorous, nitrogen. Explain how each of the two nutrients enters and leaves the forest ecosystem.

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Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic