In prokaryotes, the error rate in protein synthesis may be as high as 5 × 10−4 per codon. What fraction of polypeptides containing (a) 500 residues or (b) 2000 residues would you expect to contain at least one amino acid substitution?

For the strategies below, decide whether they are best described as demand-side solutions or supply-side solutions to meeting human needs for fresh water. remember that a demand-side solution reduces demand for fresh water, whereas a supply-side solution increases the supply of fresh water. (a) damming a river to create a reservoir (b) desalinating seawater (c) a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers (d) raising water prices for consumers and businesses (e) providing tax breaks for companies that use less water (f) replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops (g) requiring low-flow showerheads in all new homes