How does the backbone protect nucleic acid from hydrolysis?

By preventing bases from being damaged present in phosphate sugar backbone.

Explanation:

The sugar phosphate backbone is a significant structural component of DNA. It comprises of 5-carbon deoxyribose sugars and phosphate gatherings. DNA is twisted into a right-gave twofold helix. The strands are anti parallel for example one runs 3' to 5', the other run 5' to 3'.

This is finished by the sugar phosphate backbone contorting around itself in a curl or coil. The motivation behind this twisting or coiling is to ensure safety of the nitrogenous bases inside backbone, and keep them from being damaged. DNA is entirely stable because of rungs of hydrophobic "ladder" and adversely charged phosphate sugar backbone of DNA. These highlights cause DNA to can repulse water and would not hydrolyzed.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

the answer is c.mitochondria. glad to .