Arsenate is structurally and chemically similar to inorganic phosphate (Pi), and many enzymes that require phosphate will also use arsenate. Organic compounds of arsenate are less stable than analogous phosphate compounds, however. For example, acyl arsenates decompose rapidly by hydrolysis: On the other hand, acyl phosphates, such as 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, are more stable and undergo further enzyme-catalyzed transformation in cells. 1) Predict the effect on the net reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase if phosphate were replaced by arsenate.
A) The 1-arseno, 3-phosphoglycerate intermediate would decompose non- enzymatically, so no ATP would be formed in the phosphoglycerate kinase reaction.
B) Gluconeogenesis would be inhibited by arsenate because glyceraldehyde 3- L phosphate dehydrogenase is also an enzyme in that pathway.
C) The 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate intermediate would decompose non-enzymatically, so no NADH would be formed in the reaction.
D) There would be no net conversion of ADP to ATP from the conversion of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis.
E) By substituting for phosphate in this reaction, the arsenate-containing compounds would inhibit several downstream reactions.
B) What would be the consequence to an organism if arsenate were substituted for phosphate? Arsenate is very toxic to most organisms. Explain why with special consideration of phosphoglycerate mutase?

The correct answer is b

Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.