James wants to estimate the absolute age of an animal fossil. However, test results show that the fossil doesn’t contain any atoms of carbon-14. What can James conclude about the lack of carbon-14? A. The animal, whether living or dead, never had carbon-14 in its system. B. The animal’s carbon-14 decayed long before the animal died. C. Finding another fossil nearby without carbon-14 will guarantee that he has matching fossils. D. Without carbon-14, it will be an impossible task to estimate the age of the fossil. E. Without carbon-14, James can use relative dating to estimate the age of the fossil.

1. efficient use of space

2. elimination of groundwater contamination

3. energy generation

4. lower carbon footprint

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!

d. cellulose and starch