(1-cosπ/8)(1-cos3π/8)(1-cos5π/8)(1- cos7π/8)=1/8

from my research i have to the conclusion that decomposers, such as fungi, bacteria and invertebrates, play a critical role in nutrient cycling and without them the earth's ecosystem may not support life as we know it. elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus exist in limited amounts on earth, although huge amounts of carbon are being released into the atmosphere from underground sources now by humans. it is still extremely important that other nutrients be retained by the process of re-use. decomposers are organisms that are able to chemically break down dead material and make these elements available for use by other organisms. without this breakdown of dead material, dead bodies would pile up. so decomposers also play a role in clean up also. without them, life might not continue as we know it and dead material would overwhelm the earth.    

primary succession begins with a bare rock and ends with a forest secondary succession begins after a natural disaster where there is a temporary setback after a forest fire or local destruction, but the surrounding area can fill in

answer: carbon 14 can only be used to determine the age of the organisms that were once living, and igneous rocks are non living.

explanation: