Consider a gene with three alleles controlling coloration of a flowering plant. There are 3 possible phenotypes, corresponding to the following dominance hierarchy among the alleles: A1 is dominant to A2 and A3, and A2 is dominant to A3. Which of the following genotype pairs express the same phenotype? A.
A2A2, A3A3

B.
A1A1, A3A3

C.
A1A2, A1A3

D.
A2A3, A1A3

C. A1A2, A1A3

Explanation:

This question depicts a gene coding for coloration in a flowering plant. The gene is controlled by multiple alleles, three specifically. The alleles are labelled A1, A2, and A3, with each coding for it's own respective trait.

According to the question, A1 is dominant over A2 and A3 i.e. A1 will always mask the phenotypic expression of A2 and A3 and express itself. Also, A2 is dominant over A3 i.e. A2 will always mask the phenotypic expression of A3. This overall means that the trait encoded by allele A3 will only be expressed when the same alleles are present.

To the question; since A1 is dominant over the other two alleles (A2 and A3), it will be phenotypically expressed ahead of them in a heterozygous state with both alleles. That is, A1A2 genotype will give rise to a phenotype encoded by A1. Also, A1A3 will produce a phenotype encoded by A1. Hence, genotypes A1A2 and A1A3 will express the same phenotypes.

A2A2 and A3A3 will express different phenotypes since they are both in a same alleles condition. Likewise for A1A1 and A3A3. A2A3 and A1A3 genotypes will express different phenotypes encoded by A2 and A1 respectively since they are both dominant over A3.

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure

d) center of the mid-ocean ridge

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