Describe the body’s first lines of defence: (not including the immune system)

physical and chemical.

Explanation:

The first line of defence includes

1. Physical eg: nails

2. chemical : that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection.

These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow,

friendly bacteria

economic impact of malaria is estimated to cost africa $12 billion every year. this figure factors in costs of health care, absenteeism, days lost in education, decreased productivity due to brain damage from cerebral malaria, and loss of investment and tourism.