When a vibrating object is moving (toward, away from, alongside) an observer, the measured frequency of the vibrations will be lower than if the object is moving (toward, away from, alongside) an observer, the measured frequency of the vibrations will be higher than the actual rate of vibration of the object. When a star is moving towards an observer on earth, the light spectrum of the star will appear (redshifted, blueshifted, the same) compared to the light spectrum of the sun, which is considered to be in earth's frame of reference.

1. environmental factors, such as ph and temperature, can affect the function of an enzyme. a. true b. false 2. which of the following is an organic molecules (ex. vitamins) that an enzyme? a. coenzyme b. product c. active site d. substrate 3. how do enzymes effect the speed of a chemical reaction? a. they speed it up b. they slow it down c. they have no effect on the speed of a reaction 4. during a chemical reaction, an enzyme is used up so that it can only be used one time. a. true b. false 5. which of the following results from a chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an enzymes? a. active site b. product c. substrate d. coenzyme

The bacteria found in soil is usually harmful and measures are taken to remove any traces of microorganisms. true or false

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.