Many different types of mutations can occur within the body. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is caused by different mutations within the CFTR gene. One mutation in the CFTR gene that leads to cystic fibrosis causes translation to end earlier in the gene sequence. Which type of mutation causes this translation error that leads to cystic fibrosis?
Which process is part of translation but not transcription?

Options are not provided for second question. So the complete question is as following:

Which process is part of translation but not transcription?

A. A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.

B. A tRNA template is used to create a DNA strand.

C. A tRNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.

D. An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.

1. nonsense mutation

2. D. An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.

Explanation:

1. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder with damages the cells that produce sweat,  digestive juices and mucus such as lungs and digestive system.

Cystic fibrosis is caused due to the mutation in the CFTR gene. The mutation in CFTR gene is nonsense mutation in which, the CFTR protein or the process of translation stop prematurely. It causes non-functional proteins and cell recognize them as defective and destroy them.

Hence, the correct answer is nonsense mutation.

2. Transcription is the process of formation of single stranded RNA while translation is the process of formation of proteins from mRNA.

The process of transcription terminated after at mRNA but that mRNA further processed to form protein (amino acid chain) in translation.

So, D. An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain is correct option.

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.