Considerable evidence indicates that the null model of community structure is incorrect because .
a. each species responds independently of other species to the prevailing physical environment.
b. interactions among species have no significant influence on community structure.
c. when one species is removed, the populations of the other species are unaffected.
d. species interactions modify the fundamental niche of the species involved, influencing their relative abundance and, in some cases, their distribution.

Explanation:

Null model of community structure describes the communities which occur in the absence of a mechanism

Fundamental niche represents all the environmental conditions where a species is able to live or can live, there are no ecological barriers present in this type of niche

Species interactions modify the fundamental niche as a result distribution and abundance of species changes, ecological barriers comes into existence and fundamental niche changes into realized niche where species actually lives

the way that the mass of carbon can be conserved through cellular respiration is through a process/law called the law of conservation of mass which even tho it undergoes a process, mass is not be destroyed or changed

water is a polar molecule. a chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms or ions. bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons. atoms form chemical bonds to achieve a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons. so, false

explanation:

in h2o molecule, two water molecules are bonded by a hydrogen bond but the bond between two h - o bonds within a water molecule are covalent. the greater the electronegativity difference, the more ionic the bond is. bonds that are partly ionic are called polar covalent bonds. nonpolar covalent bonds, with equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.