6. A volcanic eruption covers a wide area of forest
with ash, lava, and volcanic rock. Which of these
describes the first stage of ecological succession that
will begin to return biotic factors back to the forest
community and return it to a state of equilibrium?
A. The volcano stops erupting.
B. The lava cools to form rock.
C. Lichens grow on the rocks.
D. The rocks melt back into lava.

Some species of wasps are social. the queen starts a colony from scratch each spring. she builds a small nest, and lays and raises a group of female workers. the workers enlarge the nest while the queen continues to lay eggs. unfertilized eggs become males that mate with newly hatched females. all of the wasps except the newly fertilized females die by the summer. which best describes this behavior? a)it is beneficial only to the males that do not fertilize eggs. b)it is beneficial only to the female workers that are not fertilized. c)it is beneficial to each one of the individual colony members. d)it is beneficial to the whole species, but not to all of the individual members.