The reproductive handicap for sexual reproduction refers to .

The "reproductive handicap" in sexual reproduction can refers to that only half of the offspring will be female.  

It means that a female undergoing asexual reproduction will have offspring with 100% of her DNA, while a female with sexual reproduction usually only transfers 50% of her genetic material to her offspring.

desert perennials often survive by remaining dormant during dry periods of the year, then springing to life when water becomes available. most annual desert plants germinate only after heavy seasonal rain, then complete their reproductive cycle very quickly.