Working out the order in which the individual components in a signaling pathway act is an essential step in defining the pathway. Imagine that two protein kinases, PK-B and PK-X, act sequentially in an intracellular signaling pathway: - When either kinase is completely inactivated, cells do not respond to the normal extracellular signal. - Cells containing a mutant form of PK-B that is permanently active respond even in the absence of an extracellular signal. - Doubly mutant cells that contain inactivated PK-X and permanently active PK-B respond in the absence of a signal. A. In the normal signaling pathway, does PK-B activate PK-X or does PK-X activate PK-B? Explain your reasoning.

Ageologist determines that a sample of a mineral cant be scratched by a steel nail but can be scratched by a masonry drill bit based on this information the sample mineral has to be softer than

Chapter 11.1 & 11.2 notes section 11.1 1. every living thing has a set of ? inherited from its parents. 2. after becoming a ? , mendel spent several years studying ? and mathematics at the university of vienna. 3. during sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells join, a process known as ? . 4. pea flowers are normally ? , which means that sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the ? flowers. 5. when mendel crossed plants with ? characters for the same trait, the resulting offspring had only one of the characters. 6. a ? is a specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height, that varies from one individual to another. 7. filius and filia are the latin words for ? and ? . 8. the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called ? . 9.to mendel's surprise, all of the offspring had the character of only ? of the parents. 10. mendel's first conclusion was that biological inheritance is determined by ? that are ? from one generation to the next. 11. scientist calls the chemical factors that determine traits ? . 12. mendel's second conclusion is the ? . 13. the principle of dominance states that some alleles are ? and others are ? . 14. when mendel allowed the f1 plants to reproduce by self-pollination the traits controlled by ? alleles reappeared in about ? of the f2 plants in each cross.

How will you manage your time to accomplish the necessary tasks both on the job and at home?