Construct a phylogenetic tree from these DNA positions using the parsimony method. Use the outgroup to root your tree. Assume that all changes among nucleotides are equally likely.

sexual reproduction produces offspring with novel combinations of genes. species that reproduce sexually must maintain two different types of individuals, males and females, which can limit the ability to colonize new habitats as both sexes must be present.

a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.

straight probes are used primarily for measuring flow as it is approaching the test area. its geometry allows the probe to be mounted so that it is in the direct line of airflow.

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