Consider the model of the cell cycle. Explain the purpose of the areas labelled checkpoint in the cycle? All BUT ONE could apply.
A) G1 the checkpoint where an animal cell becomes committed to the cell cycle, which is determined by external factors and signals.
B) The spindle checkpoint prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle fibers.
C) The G2 checkpoint ensures all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged before cell enters mitosis.
D) Cell size, protein reserves, and damage to DNA is evaluated at the S checkpoint; the cell will not be allowed to continue if any problems are detected.

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it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to perform all life functions within one single cell. multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life processes. each of these special types of cells has a different structure that it perform a specific function.

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