Why antibodies are considered specific responses to pathogens

Antibodies help in destroying biochemical pathways.

Explanation: because pathways are only taken bacteria’s but not by viruses. Thus antibodies only help stopping diseases spread by bacteria’s. They have minimal effect on viral infections.

c) 50% there are four chromosomes. after crossing over, 2 of the four have been changed. that means any gamete has a 2 in 4 chance or 50% chance of receiving the mutated chromosome.