All vertebrates have .
a. the same excretory physiology
b. the same adaptations to specific environments
c. kidneys
d. gills
e. a nephron with a proportionally longer loop of Henle

Kidneys

Explanation:

All vertebrates have kidneys. Like the human kidney, they are made up of many nephrons. However, there are differences in the structure and functioning of various vertebrate kidneys that adapt them to the environment in which the animals live.

i would have to say autosomal

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