Over time this separation an inability to mate with one another led to the emergence of new species. This type of speciation is called?

This is called allopatric speciation. The species continue to evolve in the own way, adapting to their different conditions. The eventually become two different species adapted to each environment.

only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to organisms at the next trophic level. the remainder of the energy is used in life processes or lost as heat.