State the null hypothesis for: An experiment testing whether echinacea decreases the length of colds. A correlational study on the relationship between brain size and intelligence. An investigation of whether a self-proclaimed psychic can predict the outcome of a coin flip. A study comparing a drug with a placebo on the amount of pain relief. (A one-tailed test was used.)

I’m doing some practice exam questions for biology, and i’m not sure how to do these 3 parts to the question.

Which of these parts of the membrane large moecules pass through it ?

20 point pls brianliest 1. what does a red shift mean? blue shift? 2. describe the big bang theory. according to this theory, how old is the universe? 3. scientists believe the universe is expanding. what is the evidence that supports this? 4. describe a nebula. 5. describe the 3 types of galaxies. what is a barred spiral galaxy? 6. what is a light year? how far is alpha centauri from earth? 7. describe the universal law of gravitation. be sure to include gravitational force between two objects. 8. describe the planets’ orbits around the sun. 9. what is the asteroid belt? where is it located? 10. describe rotation and revolution of earth. what determines an earth day and year? 11. how do galaxies exist? 12. compare and contrast the inner and outer planets. 13. what causes the seasons?