The finches of the Galapagos are a perfect species to model evolution because it shows that beaks changed as a result of the environmental conditions. Which statement below best explains how one ancestral finch population give rise to 13 species, each with different characteristics?
Question 21 options:

One finch had different offspring which then evolved to the 13 various finches.

Finches traveled and settled to different islands giving rise to the 13 various finches—one on each island.

Finches were not derived from the one ancestral finch and were all different from the beginning.

Groups of individual finches with particular advantageous traits were naturally selected by the environment, and over many generations evolved into a different species dependent upon environmental factors.

the answer is d. Groups of individual finches with particular advantageous traits were naturally selected by the environment, and over many generations evolved into a different species dependent upon environmental factors.

answer and explanation;

volcanic rocks are igneous rocks which form from lava, molten rock which has been thrust out of a volcano onto the surface of a rocky body such as an asteroid, planet, or dwarf planet.  

plutonic rocks are igneous rocks which form from subterranean chambers of molten rock or magma. plutonic rocks make up the base of continental crust as well as oceanic crust. their slow rate of formation causes them to be coarse grained since there is plenty of time for large crystals to form before the magma solidifies into rock.

the textural difference is that plutonic rocks are more coarse grained than volcanic rocks. plutonic rocks are coarse grained while volcanic are fine grained ; glassey or fragmental. since fine and coarse are adjectives the decision as to whether a rock is fine or coarse grained is generally made on the bases of whether or not the individual crystals can be seen in most if the rock.

it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.