Compare and contrast stalactites and
stalagmites.

Explanation:

Stalactites-a tapering structure hanging like an icicle from the roof of a cave, formed of calcium salts deposited by dripping water.

Stalagmites-a mound or tapering column rising from the floor of a cave, formed of calcium salts deposited by dripping water and often uniting with a stalactite.

answer; i believe the answer is hydraulic action;

volcanoes (an event in the geosphere) release a large amount of particulate matter into the atmosphere. these particles serve as nuclei for the formation of water droplets (hydrosphere). rainfall (hydrosphere) often increases following an eruption, stimulating plant growth (biosphere).