Prokaryotic bacteria are surrounded by a that contains the to regulate the entry and exit of materials through the cell, the to help maintain cell shape and structure, and the , which aids against drying out and protects bacteria from a host's immune system

they each offer a fresh glut of resources to the organisms that can arrive and exploit them. as individuals and new species continue to appear, they actively and passively alter the environment. competition for shared resources increases, local abiotic and biotic conditions shift, and the relative abundances of species change accordingly. the process is called ecological succession, and it is one of the earliest and most well-known concepts in ecology.

answer:   option a) glucagon was secreted by his pancreas before he ate the cookies because blood glucose was low. insulin was secreted after he ate the cookies because his blood glucose was high.

explanation:

answer: glucoamylase presented optimum activity at temperature of 55â°c, and, in the glycosidic bonds from the non-reducing ends of starch, resulting in the production of glucose. source and type of fermentation can affect the enzyme's properties

credit to kalahira

it would be heredity