Consider a comparison of two cladistic analyses aimed at reconstructing the phylogeny of a particular set of mammalian species. One of these studies used Y-chromosome sequences and the other used mtDNA sequences, and both studies successfully avoided the problems associated with homoplasy. Explain why the species trees estimated by these studies would likely be very similar, despite the fact that these data sets were generated by lineage histories that do not contain ANY individuals in common (Y-chromosomes evolve thru males only, while mtDNA evolves thru females only)?

Both the chromosome Y and the mtDNA represent specific lineages, it means that they can be used to reconstruct the evolutionary history by patrilineal and matrilineal relationships, respectively. Phylogeography and phylogeny are disciplines that often use both types of genomic sequences in order to avoid the problem that represents the genetic phenomenon of recombination  when tracing the evolutionary history of organisms

the most common energy conversion is from kinetic energy to potential energy, and then from potential energy to kinetic energy.

later on comes the heat energy, mechanical energy, and other energy conversions.

this energy conversion is so common that we can find it in our day to day lives as well.

- one of the most common energy conversions involves the changing of potential energy to kinetic energy or kinetic energy to potential energy

well, i believe that the answer is 2. : 3