Compare the bones of the upper limbs with those of lower limbs. In what ways are the shapes and arrangements of the bones similar? How are they different? Why is this important?

Explanation:

Similarities of the shapes and arrangement of the upper limbs and the lower limbs bones:

1) The upper limbs and the lower limbs both have three segments which are upper segment, middle segment and the distal segment. In the upper limb we have the arm at the upper segment, forearm at the middle segment and  the hand at the distal segment. In the lower limb we have the thigh at the upper segment, the leg at the middle segment, and the foot at the distal segment.

2) The number of bones in the arm and forearm of the upper limbs is the same  as that of the thigh and leg in the lower limps. In the arm we have Single bone (i.e  humerus)  and in the forearm we two bones (i.e Radius  and Ulna), also in the thigh  we have single bone (i.e femur) and in the leg we have two bones (i.e Tibia and  Fibula).

3) Both the upper and the lower limbs  are fixed to the trunk by the pectoral and pelvic girdles respectively.

4) The number of compartments in the arm and forearm of the upper limbs is the same  as that of the thigh and leg in the lower limps. In the arm we have two compartments   and in the forearm we three compartments, also in the thigh  we have two compartments and in the leg we have three compartments.

5) The number of phalanges in both the upper and lower limbs are the same (i.e five phalanges in both).

The Differences between the upper limbs and the lower limbs bones:

Upper limbs:

1. Size: The upper limb is smaller and shorter.

2. Mobility: Less firmly attached to trunk and more mobile.

3. Function: Grasping and skilled movement

4. Segment: Arm, Forearm, Hand

5. Bones: arm (humerus), forearm (Radius  and Ulna) ,hand (carpals, metacarpals and  phalanges ).

6. Alignment of distal  parts : Aligned along  the axis of the  limb.

7. Position of  pollex/hallux in  anatomical position : Laterally placed

8. Position of flexor  surface/muscle:  Anteriorly/Posteriorly

9. Carrying angle: Present

Lower limbs:

1) Size: Larger and longer

2) Mobility: More firmly attached to trunk and less mobile

3) Functions: Weight bearing and locomotion

4) Segment: Thigh, Leg, Foot.

5) Bones: thigh (femur) , leg (Tibia and  Fibula) , foot (Tarsals,  Metatarsals and  Phalanges ).

6) Alignment of the distal parts: Placed at right  angle with the  axis of the limb.

7)  Position of  pollex/hallux in  anatomical position:   Medially  placed.

8) Position of flexor  surface/muscle:  Posteriorly Anteriorly .

9) Carrying angle: Absent.

Importance of the upper the limbs and the lower limbs:

The similarities and difference in the upper limbs and the lower limps are of importance so as to be able to perform their various functions effectively.

The main purpose of the upper limb is to move the hand around the body during the daily activities of humans such as grasping and skilled movement of the arm. The shoulder girdle provides a wide range of motion so that the hand can reach in all directions.

The bones of the lower limbs ( i.e thigh, leg and foot) are considerably larger and stronger than the bones of the upper limbs because the lower limbs bones support the entire weight of the body while walking, running, or jumping.

sorry, but you do not have posted the diagram.

question#1

ans:

cell is the basic unit of organization of all living things. cells are often called the building block of life and it is the smallest unit of life. the study of cell is called cell biology. cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within membrane, which contain bio-molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid.

two third of cell is water, which means that two-third of your whole body is water. the rest is the mixture of molecules, mainly proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

question#2

ans:

organ:

an organ is a group of tissues specialized to form a functional unit. an example is the heart in animals.

organ system:

an organ system is a group of several organs whose functions are synchronized to release an effective action in a living organism. an example is digestive system.

question#3

different systems perform different function at tissue level. for example, the respiratory system facilitates breathing. in the alveoli tissue of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and water are removed. different systems of the body carry out different functions. for example, your digestive system is responsible for taking in and processing food, while your respiratory system working with your circulatory system is responsible for taking up oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

question#4

different systems perform different function at tissue level. for example, the respiratory system facilitates breathing. in the alveoli tissue of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and water are removed. different systems of the body carry out different functions. for example, your digestive system is responsible for taking in and processing food, while your respiratory system—working with your circulatory system is responsible for taking up oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

question#5

our body works because of the interactions that happen between organs and organ systems.  

for example:  

the heart to regulate blood flow throughout the body. the blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells. body systems work together in maintaining a constant internal environment. when this balance is disrupted, the body systems may not function properly, and human health can suffer.   you start to feel bad.