What type of test would you use to determine whether observed data constitute evidence of genetic linkage or are simply a case of chance variation from expected values?

The question is incomplete as it does not have the options which are:

A) test cross

B) two-point test-cross

C) three-point test-cross

D) chi-square analysis

E) recombination frequency (r) calculation

D) chi-square analysis

Explanation:

Chi-square analysis is a test which is used to study the relationship between the variables of a population.  The Chi-square test is performed to test if the observed results are due to chance or is real.

To test this a null hypothesis is formulated which says that there is no relation between the variables.  The chi-square test is used in various disciplines but in molecular biology, there are used in the linkage mapping and the Mendelian crosses.

Thus, Option-D is correct.

carbohydrates: (starches and sugars) composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lipids: (fats, oils, and waxes) are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

nucleic acids: contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. they are polymers of nucleotides. a nucleotide has three parts, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate     (-po⬇️4) group, and a nitrogenous base.

proteins: made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. they are polymers of amino acids.