What is the cause and effect between mutations and effects of gene expression?

answer:

Mutations arise spontaneously at low frequency owing to the chemical instability of purine and pyrimidine bases and to errors during DNA replication. Natural exposure of an organism to certain environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens (e.g., aflatoxin B1), also can cause mutations

Explanation:

i'd say that the moon rock is about 2.2 billion years old.