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a. two species have a common ancestor. they both share the ancestral gene a. in species 1 the gene is a1, in species 2 the gene is a2. gene a1 produces a slightly
"better" product that gene a2 due to a minor change from the ancestral version. since we now have two species with genes that are different due to speciation, we would call gene a1 and a2 orthologs.
b. in transformation, naked dna is taken into a cell from its environment
c. in transduction, dna is transferred between cells by a virus (phage)
d. in conjugation, direct contact and exchange of dna occur.
e. gene a duplicates in a species to form a1 and a2. a1 and a2 are paralogs

when atoms of different types of elements join together, they make molecules called compounds. water consists of compound molecules made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. this is why it's called h2o. water will always have 2 times the number of hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.

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what do the different brain waves do?

explanation:

brainwaves are produced by synchronised electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other. brainwaves are detected using sensors placed on the scalp. brainwave speed is measured in hertz (cycles per second) and they are divided into bands delineating slow, moderate, and fast waves.

thats not even an aswer choice

after a the power stroke, adp is released, but the cross-bridge formed is still in place. atp then binds to myosin, moving the myosin to its high-energy state, releasing the myosin head from the actin active site.