Determining risk of possible genetic defects can occur before or after conception and includes all of the following approaches except:
group of answer choices

linkage analysis.

amniocentesis.

karyotype analysis.

pedigree analysis.

chorionic villi sampling.

Linkage analysis

Explanation:

Linkage analysis is the only example here that does not look at possible genetic risks, such as looking for abnormal chromosome structures (karyotype) or family history (pedigree analysis).

Instead, linkage analysis is used to narrow down the chromosomal location of a particular trait. That is, it is a method used to find segments of chromosomes that harbour a particular trait.

an organism's phenotype is the  form of a trait  that it  displays. for  flowercolor, a pea  plant  can  display  a phenotype of purple or white flowers. an organism's  genotype  is the alleles of a gene it contains. based on his data, mendel concluded that a phenotype can be  determined  by more than one  genotype.

the cladogram shown here shows similarities and differences among several classes of vertebrates. anatomically, the four have limb structure as their common ancestor. we might separate the mammals from the other three classes because they a) divergent; do not lay eggs b) identical; are warm-blooded c) varied; a four chambered heart d) homologous; have mammary glands