Which of the following is needed for natural selection to occur?

select one:
a. variation in characteristics
b. differences in fitness
c. heritability of characteristics
d. all of the above

Option D.

Variation in characteristics, differences in fitness and heritability of characteristics are needed for natural selection to occur.

Explanation:

Natural selection is a basic means of evolution in which organisms living in an environment adapt and change it's reproducing genetic constitution to better adapt in its environment. Four conditions are needed for natural selection to occur and these are variation in fitness, reproduction, heredity and variation in individual organism characteristics in a population.

correct answer: understand the different control methods available

integrated pest management is an strategy that is based on the ecosystem and try to prevent the pest and the damage caused by them by applying combination of technique like habitat manipulation, biological control and use of resistant varieties.

the main aim of the integrated pest management is not to completely eliminate the pest but to strengthen the ecosystem so that conditions are favorable for plants and unfavorable for pests.