Which of the following is related to the likelihood that a mother develops postpartum depression?

a. symptoms of depression during or after a previous pregnancy
b. previous experience with depression or bipolar disorder at another time in her life
c. a family member who has been diagnosed with depression or other mental illness
d. a stressful life event during pregnancy or shortly after giving birth, such as job loss, death of a loved one, domestic violence, or personal illness
e. all of the above