In general, a signal transmitted via a phosphorylation cascade (select one):

a. is propagated by a steroid receptor.
b. is initiated by a phosphorylase enzyme.
c. is turned off by a kinase enzyme.
d. results in a conformational change in each phosphorylated protein.

Answer is E. results in conformational change in each phosphorylated proteins.

Explanation:

Phosphorylation cascade or of a series of protein is a biochemical modification occurring to an or more amino acids on a protein, after the translation of the protein by a ribosomes, where a covalent attachment of a phosphate group to a tyrosine and serine residue is observed.

"1. it should be, it has been for about 20 years, and it's really not much different in the end than breeding animals to have particular traits. there are always concerns about genetically engineered animals/plants affecting the environment in unexpected negative ways, but i can't think of an example where the fears didn't turn out to be baseless.  

first, as you point out, it would be a great advance in pharmacology, to be able to tailor drugs and their doses to me. the pros involve better medical treatment. the cons involve privacy issues like insurance companies denying coverage to people with genetic risk factors. looking at dna markers wouldn't affect the frequency of genetic diseases, but it would allow detection of them earlier. and ok, actually i suppose that if people used this information to avoid having children with genetic diseases, some might decrease in frequency."

answer: substrate concentration. enzymes work best when there is a high enough substrate concentration for the reaction they catalyse.