An octopus reproduces only once in its life, but it may have more than 100,000 offspring, depending on the species. certain
species of penguin, by contrast, have only one chick at a time. if some species can reproduce as rapidly as the octopus (100,000
offspring every 3 or 4 years), how is it possible that a species that has only one young at a time is equally successful?
a. having a large number of offspring assures that at least some of them will escape being killed by predators
b.
the success of a species depends on the number of offspring that survive long enough to reproduce
c.
baby penguins are left to fend for themselves from the time they hatch, so they quickly become self-sufficient,
d.
an octopus only reproduces one time, but penguins may reproduce between 4 and 12 times in their lives.

Mitochondria produce atp, a high energy compound. atp is used for all sorts of enzyme-mediated reactions, such as making proteins/nucleotides/etc, certain compounds cross the cell membrane, muscles move, etc.  without this source of energy, a cell will die. it will not be able to repair itself, defend against pathogens, etc.

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein