Dnp (2,4-dinitrophenol) is an effective weight-loss agent that was used in diet pills in the 1930s. it has since been removed from the market (though it is available online) because of serious side effects such as fever, cataracts, rashes and sometimes death. dnp inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane and shuttles protons between the intermembrane space into the matrix. what will happen to atp production, the proton gradient, and the ph of the various mitochondrial compartments?

ATP production: reduced

Proton gradient: Dissipated

pH of the various mitochondrial compartments: pH of matrix will be reduced while that of the intermembrane space will be increased.

Explanation:

During oxidation of FADH2 and NADH, electrons are transferred through electron transport chain to the terminal electron acceptor, molecular oxygen. Electron transfer by the electrons carriers of electron transport chain is accompanied by the pumping of protons from matrix to the intermembrane space and generation of the proton concentration gradient. The proton concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis.

According to the given information, DNP shuttles protons from the intermembrane space into the matrix and thereby, lowers down the pH of the matrix making it more acidic with respect to intermembrane space. This would dissipate the proton concentration gradient and there will be reduced or no ATP production in the absence of the driving force.

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

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