A22-year-old male is experiencing hypovolemic shock following a fight in which his carotid artery was cut with a broken bottle. what immediate treatments are most likely to benefit the man?
a) administration of oxygen and epinephrine to promote perfusion.
b) infusion of normal saline or ringer's lactate to maintain the vascular space.
c) resolution of compensatory pulmonary edema and heart arrhythmias.
d) infusion of vasodilators to foster perfusion and inotropes to improve heart contractility.