The fossils of a new species of reptile are found in deposits dating to the permian period. later, scients discover that fossils of the speces changed somewhat over time and can be found in deposits dating from the permitan period all the way up to the cretaceous period. the fossils vary from one continent to another, but many seemingly intermediate forms are found, and the fossils are spread over most continents. the scientists' observations most strongly support which evolutionary models?
a. ellopete speciation
b. punctuated ovolution
c. adaptive radiation

Approximately 90% of all cases of polycystic kidney disease are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. the disease is typically related to mutations to genes (pkd1 and pkd2). pkd genes can be found on chromosome 16. the disease occurs in approximately 1: 800 to 1: 1000 people. here is a hypothetical example. the dominant allele d will cause the development of pkd. the recessive allele is known as d. what genotypes would correspond to suffering from pkd? dd, dd what genotypes would correspond to being normal (not suffering from pkd)? dd consider that 1: 1,000 people have pkd in your population of 325million. consider that pkd is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. show you math for all of the following questions: what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is p? what is q? how many people in your population would have pkd?

Consider the model of the oxygen cycle on earth. the majority of earth's oxygen reservoirs are found in the a) atmosphere. b) biosphere. c) hydrosphere. d) lithosphere.

Nephrons, the functional unit of kidneys, are responsible for formation of urine. the sentences describe situations that are the result of problems in the urine formation process. for the nephron shown below, match each situation to the step in the urine formation process where the problem lies.