18.substrate-level phosphorylation
(a) energy released from atp hydrolysis is used to phosphorylate the substrate
(b) energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly phosphorylate adp
(c) energy released from atp hydrolysis is used to phosphorylate adp
(d) energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly reduce nad+

The correct answer is B energy released from chemical reaction is used to directly phosphorylate ADP.

Explanation:

When ATP molecule is formed by the phosphorylation of ADP but without the involvement of oxidative phosphorylation is known as substrate level phosphorylation.

Example The conversion of 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate to 3 phospho glycerate by the help of phospho glycerate kinase is an example of substrate level phosphorylation .

      In this reaction one phosphate moiety is being splited from 1,3 bis phosphoglycerate,the splited phosphate moiety then reacts with ADP to generate ATP.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.

regents of the university of california v. bakke, 438 u.s. 265 (1978), was a landmark decision by the supreme court of the united states. it upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.