In a mitochondrion, if the matrix atp concentration is high, and the intermembrane space proton concentration is too low to generate sufficient proton-motive force, then a) atp synthase will increase the rate of atp synthesis. b) atp synthase will stop working. c) atp synthase will hydrolyze atp and pump protons into the intermembrane space. d) atp synthase will hydrolyze atp and pump protons into the matrix.

ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space.

Explanation:

Under normal conditions, the intermembrane space of mitochondria has higher proton ion concentration than the matrix. The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons. The concentration gradient drives pass movement of protons through proton channels and the energy is used to drive the synthesis of ATP. The synthesized ATP molecules are released in the matrix.

If the matrix has higher ATP concentration and the proton concentration in intermembrane space is low, ATP synthase would use the energy of hydrolysis of ATP to pump protons from matrix towards intermembrane space. These conditions would not support ATP synthesis.

answer; i believe the answer is hydraulic action;

americans began to notice growing differences between the northern and southern sections of the country. there were more people living in cities in the north, which made it more urban. more people lived on farms in the south, which made it more rural. while many people were farmers in the northern states, there were now other ways to make a living, such as working in mechanical cotton gins factories manufacturing cloth, tools and other goods. people in the north supported high tariffs on goods imported from europe because the extra cost encouraged people to “buy american” instead. in the southern states, planters did not like tariffs because they sold most of their production to europe and bought their tools from there as well. southerners believed the protective tariff was something that only northern factory owners keep their profits high. so the southern politicians came up with an idea. they would opt out. they would simply ignore the protective tariff. it was ‘null and void’ in south carolina. the state would not collect the taxes on goods imported into south carolina, no matter what the president said they had to do. this decision led to the nullification crisis.