4) compare and contrast passive transport (including osmosis and facilitated transport) with active transport such as endocytosis and exocytosis
active transport such as endocytosis and exocytosis.

Active transport occur in the uphill direction where passive transport occur in the downhill direction this is the principle comparison between passive transport and active transport.

Explanation:

Passive transport involves simple transport mechanism such as diffusion,osmosis and facilitated diffusion that help in the transport of molecule across the membrane from high concentration region to the region of low concentration untill equilibrium is reached. No additional energy is required to carry out passive transport. oxygen, carbon dioxide,water, glucose molecule are transported by passive transport mechanism.

Active Transport involves various ion channels which helps in the movement of molecules from low concentration region to the high concentration region .Additional energy in form of ATP is required to stimulate the active transport. Various ions such as Na+,K+, Ca2+, amino acids are transported by active transport.

b. read the phase at the intersection of any given temperature and pressure.

ans.

dna fingerprinting is defined as a process that determines the dna characteristics of an individual. these dna characteristics are unique among individuals as their fingerprints, so it is known as dna fingerprinting.

steps of dna fingerprinting includes extraction of dna from sample, amplification of dna, restriction digestion of amplified dna, and then analysis of dna by gel electrophoresis, respectively.

thus, the next step performed by the scientist is 'to cut the amplified dna (obtained by polymerase chain reaction) by restriction enzymes that cleave the dna into fragments and their analysis.'