Why is upper surface of dicot leaf much darker than the lower surface

The idea of spontaneous generation was disproved by in a experiment involving jars of meat

Plz ! a frog has a genetic mutation in skin cells that causes part of its skin to turn orange the frog will not pass this genetic mutation onto its offspring because, a. the offspring will inherit skin cells from the other parent. b. mutated skin cells cannot divide and produce daughter skin cells. c. skin cells do not contribute genetic material to sex cells. d. parents do not contribute genetic material to their offspring.

Which prefix mean under less or below