Different types of the same procedure that takes the place of the kidneys and cleanses the blood are collectively all known as

Answer:  

Different type of the same procedure that takes the place of the kidneys and cleans the blood are mutually all known as osmoregulation.

Explanation:  

Along with kidney there are other organs which helps the body to purify blood. These organs are lungs which exchanges carbon dioxide with oxygen and skin which helps in excreting the extra salt concentration from the body. In invertebrate animals the kidney is not present but osmoregulation takes place with the help of organelles and organs like vacuoles, nephridia, antennal glands, salt glands and malpighian tubules.

it has one origin of replication, but it proceeds in two directions - d)

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consuming the right balance of protein, carbohydrates and fat can you maintain a healthy weight and optimize your energy levels. protein and carbohydrates both contain 4 calories per gram, while fat provides 9 calories per gram.