Previous genetic linkage crosses have determined that recombination frequencies are 6% for genes a and b, 4% for genes b and c, 10% for genes c and d, and 11% for genes d and e. the sum of these frequencies between genes a and e is 31%. why does the recombination distance between these genes as determined by adding the intervals between adjacent linked genes differ from the distance determined by the test cross?

Drag each label to the correct location on the image. each label can be used more than once. a scientist introduced mutations in a gene sequence isolated from bacteria. study the sequence, and identify the steps where the mutations may affect the formation of proteins. in the sequence, black letters stand for protein coding regions and red letters stand for noncoding regions. protein will not be changed. protein may be changed. attcgtgttc atcgtgttc atcgtattc attcgtattc

Which of the following particles always has a positive charge? a. electronb. neutron c. proton d. ion

Which coal field location is related to coal fields in the eastern united states and supports the theory of continental drift? eastern india southern africa western australia northern south america