In a metabolic pathway, substrate z is broken down to form products y and x. y is further broken down into products v and w. how many enzymes are required for this metabolic pathway?

Explain why in any given geographical region, women tend to have lighter skins( by 3-4% on average) than men?

Read the following scenario to answer the following question. over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines, and some species have become extinct. scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. however, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. these global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. in switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. when most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated, we expect to see that a. the founder effect becomes increasingly important b. microevolution no longer occurs c. gene flow between populations is reduced d. artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution

How would you describe an allele that be expressed and determines an organisms appearance? a.uncapitalized b.responsive c.recessive d.dominant