Which organisms will begin the flow of energy in primary succession?

Explain why in any given geographical region, women tend to have lighter skins( by 3-4% on average) than men?

Read the following scenario to answer the following question. over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines, and some species have become extinct. scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. however, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. these global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. in switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. when most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated, we expect to see that a. the founder effect becomes increasingly important b. microevolution no longer occurs c. gene flow between populations is reduced d. artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution

Punnett squares are used to show possible combinations of alleles or to predict the probability of a trait occurring in offspring. an incomplete dominance cross is performed between a bird that is homozygous for red feathers and a bird that is homozygous for blue feathers. purple offspring result. then, two of the purple offspring are crossed. according to the punnett square for this cross, how many of the offspring from the second cross will have a feather color that results from incomplete dominance? 1 in 4 2 in 4 3 in 4 4 in 4