Why was the evolution of the extraembryonic membranes crucial for colonization of land by the vertebrates? extraembryonic membranes
a. provide nutrients that produce energy for development
b. direct morphogenesis within the embryo
c. give rise to crucial organ systems, like the heart and brain
d. provide an aqueous environment for embryo development

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wild parsnip is a perennial plant which reproduces rapidly in areas which have no sign of agricultural activity such roadside or at no tillage open areas. it's considered invasive because it can inhibit the growth of another plant  and its reproduction is fast. there are several harmful effects of this invasive plant although its taproot is edible since it is a member of the carrot family. wild parsnips can cause skin blistering when in contact because of the chemicals it contains, second it inhibits the growth of other plants, it will restrict the growth of animals when eaten and lastly, it drives away natural pollinators like bees.