Predict phenotypes associated with nondisjunction of sex chromosomes.

The new daughter cells will have an abnormal amount of genetic material. That is called aneuploidy and it is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes. Different clinical conditions are the result of this nondisjunction.

Explanation:

Normal cells are diploids, that means they have two copies of each gene, one of each chromosome. So normal cells have two homologous chromosomes, one from each parent.

During anaphase of cell division, each pair of chromosomes is separated  by the mitotic spindle. The separated chromosomes are then pulled by the spindle to opposite poles of the cell, and eventually will end up in the new daughter cells.

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, so it is the miss segregation of them. The new daughter cells will have an abnormal amount of genetic material. Different clinical conditions are the result of this nondisjunction.

Sex chromosomes participates in sex determination of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY) So nondisjunction of sex chromosomes could be:

According to which gametes are fused during fertilization, different phenotypes can be given. For example, if a gamete with one chromosome fuses with another gamete with two chromosomes, the result will be an individual with three chromosomes (it could be XXY, or XXX) called trisomy.

Triple X syndrome is characterized by an extra X chromosome in females. Those affected are often taller than average, but most females have a normal sexual development. Klinefelter syndrome is known XXY individuals, and it causes infertility in males, breast growth, less body hair and weaker muscles.

And if a gamete with no chromosome fuses also with another gamete with no chromosome, the result is a nullisomy. But due to the lack of genetic material, the nullisomic gametes are rendered unviable for fertilization.

And if a gamete with no chromosome fuses with another gamete with one chromosome (normal) the result is a monosomy, the presence of only one chromosome from a pair. The result can be an individual who is X or Y. People with Turner syndrome have one X chromosome and it is the only monosomy that is seen in humans because other cases monosomy are lethal.

Any of those examples is called aneuploidy and it is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes.

one characteristic that is shared by all is a soft body. many

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body. oysters, clams, snails, and mussels are all mollusks. so are octopuses, squids, and slugs. mollusks live on land and in freshwater.

cellular respiration oxidizes food into energy in the form of atps.

glycolysis (6 c hexose) > 2x atps are used > 6c hexose biphosphate > 2 x 3c triphosphate >

2 x 3c pyruvate (2x nadh produced from nad) and (4x atp produced)

pyruvate actively pumped mitochondrial matrix.