Members of the archaea typically thrive in conditions of excessive a. heat. b. acidity. c. alkalinity. d. salinity. e. all of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct. (Ans. E)

Explanation:

Archaea: Archaea are single-celled micro-organisms. They have both characteristics prokaryotic cells and they are more closely related to Eukaryotes also.

As archaea are prokaryotic organisms, which are made up of single-celled and lack a true nucleus, and other organelles. They are similar in size and shape like bacterial cells. Other similarities they share with bacteria include single ring DNA, cell wall and presence of flagella. They are sharing characteristics with eukaryotes in terms of membrane and chemical structure.

Archaea are found in extreme environmental conditions such as hot springs (known as extreme thermophiles), salt lakes (known as extreme halophiles), highly acidic environment (known as acidophiles) and alkalinity environment.

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a fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.[1] the age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.[2] fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.[3] other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

the theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over millions of years was first introduced by andreas libavius "in his 1597 alchemia [alchymia]" and later by mikhail lomonosov "as early as 1757 and certainly by 1763".[4] the first use of the term "fossil fuel" was by the german chemist caspar neumann, in english translation in 1759.[5]

in 2017 the world's primary energy sources consisted of petroleum (34%), coal (28%), natural gas (23%), amounting to an 85% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world.[6] non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear (8.5%), hydroelectric (6.3%), and others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste) amounting to 0.9%.[7] world energy consumption was growing at about 2.3% per year. in 2015 about 18% of worldwide consumption was from renewable sources.[8]