1. the diagram illustrates the differences between the skulls and brain volumes of three extinct hominins.
rank the species shown in the diagram in order according to when they first appeared, from earliest to most recent.
a. australopithecus africanus, homo neanderthalensis, homo erectus
b. australopithecus africanus, homo erectus, homo neanderthalensis
c. homo erectus, australopithecus africanus, homo neanderthalensis
d. homo neanderthalensis, homo erectus, australopithecus africanus

2. based on the cladogram, which group of plants evolved most recently?
a. green algae
b. mosses and relatives
c. flowering plants
d. ferns and relatives

3. identify the dependent variable on the growth of tortoise shell graph.
a. zoo
b. wild
c. age (years)
d. length of shell (mm)

4. the pedigree shows that some people can be carriers of the trait without being afflicted, meaning that the allele for the trait is recessive.
how many of the children of individuals 1 and 2 are afflicted with the recessive trait?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 4
d. 1

5. a student placed a disk of filter paper in each of the following solutions: disinfectant 1, disinfectant 2, disinfectant 3, and distilled water. while the four disks were soaking in their respective solutions, she streaked a sterile nutrient agar dish with a culture of e. coli bacteria. then, she placed each disk carefully onto the nutrient agar dish, placed the lid on the dish, taped it shut, and incubated the dish at 37°c for several days. the diagram shows how the nutrient agar dish looked on day 1 and day 4. the shaded portion of the plate on day 4 indicates the bacterial growth.
look at the dishes in the diagram. which disinfectant was the most effective at controlling the growth of e. coli?
a. distilled water
b. disinfectant 3
c. disinfectant 2
d. disinfectant 1

6. according to darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. their survival is due to the
a. possession of adaptations developed through use.
b. possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness.
c. choices made by plant and animal breeders.
d. lack of competition within the species

a group of scientists are studying the effects of different fertilizers on the growth of pea plants. they began their study with 10 pea plants. they gave each plant a different type of fertilizer and tracked their growth over a period of 2 months.
the results of this experiment weren’t considered valid by other scientists because there was no control group. which of the following represents an appropriate control group for this experiment?
a. a group of plants that’s not subjected to any fertilizer
b. a group of plants that’s subjected to all types of fertilizers
c. a group of plants that’s subjected to one fertilizer
d. a group of plants that’s subjected to two fertilizers

8. a group of scientists are studying the effects of different fertilizers on the growth of pea plants. they began their study with 10 pea plants. they gave each plant a different type of fertilizer and tracked their growth over a period of 2 months.
what’s the independent variable in this experiment?
a. the plants
b. the growth of the plants
c. the type of fertilizer
d. the amount of fertilizer

9. the cladogram shows relationships among several mammal species. which group of modern mammals is the most closely related to elephants?
a. artiodactyls
b. hyracoids
c. sirenians
d. cetaceans

10. the table contains data relating the temperature of water to the breathing rate of a fish. which variable would be placed on the horizontal axis (x-axis) of a graph of this data?
a. temperature (°c)
b. breathing rate of a fish
c. rate (per minute)
d. number of fish

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