The success of altruistic behavior hinges on the ability to distinguish kin from unrelated individuals. hamilton proposed that an allele that produces a distinctive trait (i. e., the greenbeard effect), along with altruistic behavior directed at the bearers of this trait, could drive such an altruistic allele to high frequencies in a population. this scenario has been discovered and studied in

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Why is it to call the calvin cycle the light independent reactions vs the dark reactions

Wich of the following are manual restraint techniques for dogs