How was the mmpi empirically developed?

The original MMPI was developed on a scale-by-scale basis in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Hathaway and McKinley used an empirical [criterion] keying approach, with clinical scales derived by selecting items that were endorsed by patients known to have been diagnosed with certain pathologies.

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MMPI scales were developed by comparing the responses of individuals in varying diagnostic patient groups with those provided by “Minnesota Normals,” a group that consisted of visitors and relatives who came to the hospital (Hathaway and McKinley 1940)

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